Provides an overview of the fundamental principles and clinical applications of neuromodulation. Topics include (i) overview of the human nervous system & neural oscillations, (ii) introduction to electrical-neural interfaces, (iii) fundamentals of neural recording, neural stimulation & signal processing as well as (iv) instrumentation and clinical applications of commonly used neuromodalities including Electroencephalography (EEG), Deep brain stimulation (DBS), Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and Functional electrical stimulation (FES).