Explores the fundamental principles governing chemical systems and their transformations, with an emphasis on sustainability and real-world applications. Topics discussed include systems and their states, stoichiometry, the properties of gases, the laws of chemical thermodynamics (including calculations involving internal energy, enthalpy, free energy, and entropy), chemical equilibrium, phase equilibrium, ionic equilibrium, acids and bases, solutions, and their thermodynamic behaviour, and colligative properties, electrochemistry and corrosion. Throughout the course, students will examine how physical chemistry concepts inform sustainable practices in areas such as energy use, resource management, and environmental impact.​